1. Introduction to Market Structure, Competition and Efficiency -- 2. Intermediation, Integration and Internationalization -- 3. Measures of Competition and Concentration in the Banking Industry -- 4. Competition and Concentration in the Banking Industry and their Relationship -- 5. Competition on EU Deposit and Loan Markets -- 6. Efficiency and Cost Differences across Countries -- 7. Cyclical Patterns in Profits, Provisioning and Lending of Banks -- 8. Structural Changes in the EU Banking Industry and Policy Recommendation