Europe has come a long way at least in the institutional response to racism. This book describes the responses of the Council of Europe and the European Union to the worrying trends of racism and xenophobia in the 1990s, and considers the prospects for combating discrimination in Europe using tools that have emerged as a result. - Съдържа: The application of Article 14 ECHR by the European Court of Human Rights / Jamneke Gerards -- A new European standard against discrimination : negotiating Protocol No. 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights / Jeroen Schokkenbroek -- The preparation of ECRI General Policy Recommendation No. 7 on National Legislation to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination / Giancarlo Cardinale -- The starting line and the Racial Equality Directive / Jan Niessen, Isabelle Chopin -- The negotiation of the European Community Directive on Racial Discrimination / Adam Tyson -- The European Court of Justice and anti-discrimination law : some reflections on the experience of gender equality jurisprudence for the future interpretation of the Racial Equality Directive / Sejal Parmar -- Comparing national and community anti-discrimination law / Per Johansson -- Setting standards in the fight against racism : a comparison of the European Union and the Council of Europe / Mark Bell -- Implementing European anti-discrimination law : a critical analysis / Ann Dummett.*